後端測試

本指南說明如何在花店系統中測試後端程式碼。

測試工具

• JUnit 5 - 測試框架
• Mockito - Mock 工具
• AssertJ - 斷言庫
• Spring Boot Test - 整合測試
• TestContainers - 資料庫整合測試

單元測試

Service 測試

// domain/product/ProductServiceTest.java
@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
class ProductServiceTest {

    @Mock
    private ProductRepository repository;

    @Mock
    private CategoryRepository categoryRepository;

    @InjectMocks
    private ProductService service;

    @Test
    void findById_shouldReturnProduct_whenExists() {
        // Given
        Long id = 1L;
        Product product = new Product("tenant1", "Rose", BigDecimal.valueOf(1500));
        when(repository.findById(id)).thenReturn(Optional.of(product));

        // When
        Product result = service.findById(id);

        // Then
        assertThat(result).isNotNull();
        assertThat(result.getName()).isEqualTo("Rose");
        verify(repository).findById(id);
    }

    @Test
    void findById_shouldThrowException_whenNotExists() {
        // Given
        Long id = 999L;
        when(repository.findById(id)).thenReturn(Optional.empty());

        // When & Then
        assertThatThrownBy(() -> service.findById(id))
                .isInstanceOf(ProductNotFoundException.class)
                .hasMessage("Product not found: 999");
    }

    @Test
    void create_shouldSaveProduct() {
        // Given
        String name = "Rose Bouquet";
        BigDecimal price = BigDecimal.valueOf(1500);
        Long categoryId = 1L;

        Category category = new Category("tenant1", "Flowers");
        when(categoryRepository.findById(categoryId)).thenReturn(Optional.of(category));

        Product savedProduct = new Product("tenant1", name, price);
        when(repository.save(any(Product.class))).thenReturn(savedProduct);

        // When
        Product result = service.create(name, price, categoryId);

        // Then
        assertThat(result.getName()).isEqualTo(name);
        assertThat(result.getPrice()).isEqualTo(price);
        verify(repository).save(any(Product.class));
    }
}

Repository 測試

// domain/product/ProductRepositoryTest.java
@DataJpaTest
class ProductRepositoryTest {

    @Autowired
    private ProductRepository repository;

    @Autowired
    private TestEntityManager entityManager;

    @Test
    void findByTenantId_shouldReturnProductsForTenant() {
        // Given
        Product product1 = new Product("tenant1", "Rose", BigDecimal.valueOf(1500));
        Product product2 = new Product("tenant1", "Tulip", BigDecimal.valueOf(1200));
        Product product3 = new Product("tenant2", "Lily", BigDecimal.valueOf(1300));

        entityManager.persist(product1);
        entityManager.persist(product2);
        entityManager.persist(product3);
        entityManager.flush();

        // When
        List<Product> results = repository.findByTenantId("tenant1");

        // Then
        assertThat(results).hasSize(2);
        assertThat(results).extracting(Product::getName)
                .containsExactlyInAnyOrder("Rose", "Tulip");
    }
}

使用 TestContainers

@DataJpaTest
@Testcontainers
class ProductRepositoryIntegrationTest {

    @Container
    static PostgreSQLContainer<?> postgres = new PostgreSQLContainer<>("postgres:16")
            .withDatabaseName("test")
            .withUsername("test")
            .withPassword("test");

    @DynamicPropertySource
    static void configureProperties(DynamicPropertyRegistry registry) {
        registry.add("spring.datasource.url", postgres::getJdbcUrl);
        registry.add("spring.datasource.username", postgres::getUsername);
        registry.add("spring.datasource.password", postgres::getPassword);
    }

    @Autowired
    private ProductRepository repository;

    @Test
    void shouldPersistProduct() {
        Product product = new Product("tenant1", "Rose", BigDecimal.valueOf(1500));

        Product saved = repository.save(product);

        assertThat(saved.getId()).isNotNull();
        assertThat(saved.getName()).isEqualTo("Rose");
    }
}

Controller 測試

使用 @WebMvcTest

// api/product/ProductControllerTest.java
@WebMvcTest(ProductController.class)
class ProductControllerTest {

    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;

    @MockBean
    private ProductService service;

    @Test
    void findAll_shouldReturnProducts() throws Exception {
        // Given
        List<Product> products = List.of(
                new Product("tenant1", "Rose", BigDecimal.valueOf(1500)),
                new Product("tenant1", "Tulip", BigDecimal.valueOf(1200))
        );
        when(service.findAll()).thenReturn(products);

        // When & Then
        mockMvc.perform(get("/api/products"))
                .andExpect(status().isOk())
                .andExpect(jsonPath("$").isArray())
                .andExpect(jsonPath("$[0].name").value("Rose"))
                .andExpect(jsonPath("$[1].name").value("Tulip"));
    }

    @Test
    void create_shouldReturnCreated() throws Exception {
        // Given
        Product product = new Product("tenant1", "Rose", BigDecimal.valueOf(1500));
        when(service.create(anyString(), any(BigDecimal.class), anyLong()))
                .thenReturn(product);

        String requestBody = """
                {
                    "name": "Rose",
                    "price": 1500,
                    "categoryId": 1
                }
                """;

        // When & Then
        mockMvc.perform(post("/api/products")
                        .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
                        .content(requestBody))
                .andExpect(status().isCreated())
                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.name").value("Rose"));
    }

    @Test
    void create_shouldReturnBadRequest_whenInvalidData() throws Exception {
        String requestBody = """
                {
                    "name": "",
                    "price": -1
                }
                """;

        mockMvc.perform(post("/api/products")
                        .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
                        .content(requestBody))
                .andExpect(status().isBadRequest());
    }
}

整合測試

使用 @SpringBootTest

@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
@Testcontainers
class ProductIntegrationTest {

    @Container
    static PostgreSQLContainer<?> postgres = new PostgreSQLContainer<>("postgres:16");

    @DynamicPropertySource
    static void configureProperties(DynamicPropertyRegistry registry) {
        registry.add("spring.datasource.url", postgres::getJdbcUrl);
        registry.add("spring.datasource.username", postgres::getUsername);
        registry.add("spring.datasource.password", postgres::getPassword);
    }

    @Autowired
    private TestRestTemplate restTemplate;

    @Autowired
    private ProductRepository repository;

    @BeforeEach
    void setUp() {
        repository.deleteAll();
    }

    @Test
    void createProduct_shouldPersistToDatabase() {
        // Given
        ProductCreateRequest request = new ProductCreateRequest(
                "Rose Bouquet",
                BigDecimal.valueOf(1500),
                1L,
                10
        );

        // When
        ResponseEntity<ProductResponse> response = restTemplate.postForEntity(
                "/api/products",
                request,
                ProductResponse.class
        );

        // Then
        assertThat(response.getStatusCode()).isEqualTo(HttpStatus.CREATED);
        assertThat(response.getBody()).isNotNull();
        assertThat(response.getBody().name()).isEqualTo("Rose Bouquet");

        // 驗證資料庫
        List<Product> products = repository.findAll();
        assertThat(products).hasSize(1);
        assertThat(products.get(0).getName()).isEqualTo("Rose Bouquet");
    }
}

API 手動測試：Bruno

除了自動化測試外，app-server 使用 Bruno 作為 API 手動測試與規格維護工具。

什麼是 Bruno

Bruno 是開源的 REST API 客戶端，特點：

• 純文字格式（.bru）：易於 Git 版本控制
• 內嵌文檔：每個請求可包含 Markdown 說明
• 環境變數：支援多環境切換
• 腳本支援：自動處理 Token 等動態資料

專案結構

app-server/bruno/
├── bruno.json              # 專案配置
├── collection.bru          # 集合設定與整體文檔
├── environments/
│   └── local.bru           # 本地環境變數
├── auth/                   # 認證 API
│   ├── 1-login.bru
│   ├── 2-me.bru
│   ├── 3-refresh.bru
│   └── 4-logout.bru
├── customers/              # 客戶管理 API
├── orders/                 # 訂單管理 API
├── products/               # 產品管理 API
└── references/             # 參照資料 API

檔案格式範例

meta {
  name: 1. Login
  type: http
  seq: 1
}

post {
  url: {{baseUrl}}/api/v1/auth/login
  body: json
  auth: none
}

headers {
  Content-Type: application/json
}

body:json {
  {
    "username": "manager",
    "password": "Password123!",
    "remember": false
  }
}

script:post-response {
  if (res.status === 200) {
    const body = res.getBody();
    bru.setVar("accessToken", body.accessToken);
    bru.setVar("refreshToken", body.refreshToken);
  }
}

docs {
  # Login API

  用戶登入，取得 JWT Token。

  ## 測試帳號
  - manager / Password123!
  - staff / Password123!
}

使用方式

1. 安裝 Bruno：從 官網 下載桌面版
2. 開啟專案：File → Open Collection → 選擇 app-server/bruno/
3. 選擇環境：右上角選擇 local 環境
4. 執行請求：先執行 auth/1-login.bru 取得 Token，後續請求會自動帶入

與自動化測試的分工

工具	用途	時機
Bruno	API 探索、手動驗證、規格文檔	開發中、除錯
JUnit + MockMvc	自動化回歸測試	CI/CD、重構

維護 Bruno 規格

當新增或修改 API 時：

1. 在對應資料夾新增/修改 .bru 檔案
2. 填寫 docs 區塊說明 API 用途與參數
3. 確保請求可正常執行
4. 提交至 Git 版本控制

測試最佳實踐

1. AAA 模式

@Test
void testName() {
    // Arrange - 準備測試資料
    Product product = new Product("tenant1", "Rose", BigDecimal.valueOf(1500));
    when(repository.save(any())).thenReturn(product);

    // Act - 執行待測試的方法
    Product result = service.create("Rose", BigDecimal.valueOf(1500), 1L);

    // Assert - 驗證結果
    assertThat(result.getName()).isEqualTo("Rose");
}

2. 使用 AssertJ

✅ 推薦：

assertThat(result).isNotNull();
assertThat(result.getName()).isEqualTo("Rose");
assertThat(result.getPrice()).isEqualByComparingTo(BigDecimal.valueOf(1500));

❌ 避免：

assertTrue(result != null);
assertEquals("Rose", result.getName());

3. 參數化測試

@ParameterizedTest
@CsvSource({
        "Rose, 1500",
        "Tulip, 1200",
        "Lily, 1300"
})
void create_shouldAcceptVariousProducts(String name, int price) {
    Product product = service.create(name, BigDecimal.valueOf(price), 1L);

    assertThat(product.getName()).isEqualTo(name);
    assertThat(product.getPrice()).isEqualByComparingTo(BigDecimal.valueOf(price));
}

執行測試

# 執行所有測試
./gradlew test

# 執行單一測試類別
./gradlew test --tests ProductServiceTest

# 執行單一測試方法
./gradlew test --tests ProductServiceTest.findById_shouldReturnProduct_whenExists

# 涵蓋率報告
./gradlew jacocoTestReport

下一步

• 前端測試 - 前端測試策略
• E2E 測試 - 端對端測試